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Rwanda Seeks to Grow Links with China's belt and road 卢旺达融入“一带一路” ... ...

已有 266 次阅读2018-7-22 16:47 |个人分类:Belt Road 一带一路


The Summary of China's Belt and Road initiative and its implications for Africa - WWF

According to the Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, the Belt and Road Initiative is the most important feature of China’s foreign policy1. The Initiative aims to interconnect countries in Asia, Europe and Africa through an ambitious vision for infrastructure, economic and political cooperation. Since China’s President Xi Jinping first proposed the Initiative in 2013, it has mainly focused on Asia and Europe where it has unfolded at a breathtaking speed through the signing of dozens of bilateral agreements and the implementation of first large scale infrastructure projects. It is only now that it starts to become clear how Africa will participate in the Initiative with first bilateral agreements signed with South Africa in 2015 and Egypt in 2016. 

The objective of this study is to summarize and analyze best available information on the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of China-Africa relations and develop scenarios on how the Initiative is likely to unfold in Africa. The study pursues this objective by offering a first-of-its-kind overview of key actors and institutional arrangements of the Belt and Road Initiative in China and Africa before developing a ranking of African countries that are likely to become part of the Initiative. The study finds that in addition to South Africa and Egypt, Angola, Kenya and Tanzania are likely to be immediate Belt and Road Initiative countries and the Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Morocco, and Mozambique to join in the near future. 

China and African countries have agreed on various occasions that China’s initial development approach of ‘pollute first, clean up later’ should not be replicated on the African continent. It is therefore paramount to ensure that Belt and Road Initiative activities support the sustainable development of African countries. The study reviews potential positive and negative impacts of the Initiative and concludes that negative impacts can be managed by focusing on implementing respective provisions that African countries have agreed to in the African Union Agenda 2063’s First Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014-2023) as well as by building on provisions of the Belt and Road Initiative vision document and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Action Plan (2016-2016). 

Xi Jinping heads to Africa to clinch China's hold over the continent

https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/18/asia/xi-jinping-africa-visit-intl/index.html

Beijing, China (CNN)Chinese President Xi Jinping heads to Africa this week as Beijing moves to further cement its role as one of the continent's closest economic and diplomatic allies.

After a brief stop in the Persian Gulf Thursday, Xi's itinerary -- his first overseas trip since beginning his second term as leader -- takes him to Senegal, Rwanda, South Africa and Mauritius, spanning almost every corner of Sub-Saharan Africa, where China's economic clout, and strategic ambitions, are growing by the year.
China is Africa's largest trading partner, overtaking the United States nearly a decade ago. Bilateral trade reached a record-high of $220 billion in 2014, official statistics show.
Chinese leaders have always made a point of visiting African nations regularly and early during their time in power. When he assumed the presidency in 2013, Xi also chose Africa as part of his maiden journey abroad and went on to visit the continent two more times during his first term.
    China's interest in Africa isn't just about trade, the continent also provides a large amount of raw materials which China couldn't get otherwise, while also acting as a pro-China political bloc at the United Nations.
    Ian Taylor, an Africa expert at the University of St. Andrews, said the US is increasingly losing its influence on the continent because it "took Africa for granted."
    "The Americans seem to look at Africa through this security lens ... which is completely different from the Chinese perspective," he said. "They look at it from an economic perspective -- the Americans are lagging big time."

    'Spreading the love'

    Xi's exact itinerary has yet to be released, but he will return to South Africa on July 25 to take part in the BRICS summit, alongside Russian leader Vladimir Putin.
    At first look, Rwanda and Senegal appear unusual choices given they don't receive a large amount of investment from China nor are they large countries in terms of population.
    But Taylor, the St. Andrews professor, points to Rwanda's key position in the Belt and Road plan, Xi's ambitious global trade and investment scheme which aims to enhance economic connectivity between Asia, Europe and East Africa.
    "Rwanda is hoping to integrate itself into the burgeoning railway networks in East Africa, as part of the Belt and Road initiative," he said. "Kigali is moving towards diversifying its relationship away from the US, away from the European Union, and China sees a good opportunity to develop ties."
    China's new President Xi Jinping (L) and Congo's Denis Sassou Nguesso President cut the ribbon on March 30, 2013, during Xi's first foreign trip.
    For Senegal, there have been suggestions the Chinese government might be interested in the possibility of building ports on the Atlantic Ocean.
    Gordon G. Chang, an American political commentator best known for his book "The Coming Collapse of China," said the selection of Senegal and Mauritius, respectively, is consistent with China's attempts to establish a presence on Africa's Atlantic coast and to dominate the Indian Ocean.
    "It's amazing how well the Chinese do (in Africa) -- because they are unopposed," he said.
    Taylor said the diverse itinerary shows the Chinese leadership is "spreading the (diplomatic) love" across African nations, to boost Beijing's influence in the region.
    "This is massively appreciated in most African countries, especially by the political elites, the way in which China quite uniquely in some respects treats all countries at an equal level ... at least rhetorically and in the diplomatic process," he said.

    Neo-colonialism?

    Chinese analysts view the ever-closer bilateral ties with African nations as a natural result of the Beijing leadership's decades-long cultivation of relations with the continent, dating back to the early days of the Communist government in the 1950s.
    "The importance of Africa in China's diplomacy has been consistent," said He Wenping, an Africa expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), a state-run think tank. "The Belt and Road initiative has only accentuated the role of Africa even more."
    Already, Chinese-built infrastructure -- railways, roads, dams, telecommunication networks and power stations -- is rapidly changing the physical appearance of Africa.
    Chinese-owned mines and factories churning out everything ranging from minerals to shoes -- combined with an influx of big-spending Chinese tourists -- are redefining the continent's economic landscape, while Chinese-funded educational programs and media outlets have grown in size and increased their influence over young Africans.
    China is also bolstering its diplomatic and military presence on the continent, becoming more active in UN peacekeeping missions and even opening its first overseas naval base in Djibouti last year -- with the latter move triggering alarm in Washington and other Western capitals.
    Problems and controversies have emerged along with China's expanding footprint in Africa, with critics labeling the country a "neo-colonialist" only interested in exploiting the continent's rich resources and cheap labor. Activists have highlighted cases of human rights abuse that include ill treatment and poor pay of local workers.
    He, the CASS expert, acknowledges "growing pains" in bilateral ties but said there were tangible economic rewards for both sides.
    "If African nations feel colonized, why would they keep cooperating with China?" she said. "It would be an insult to the African people's wisdom -- they clearly know how to maximize their benefits in cooperating with China."
    One thing analysts did agree on, however, is Beijing's commitment to Africa -- which even critic Chang described as "deep and widespread" -- as reflected by Chinese leaders' frequent visits, in contrast to Washington's relative lack of attention to much of the continent.
    "The US needs to do so much more -- you don't have American presidents going to Africa that often, which is a shame," Chang added.
    "Africa is not on the US agenda," He said, before taking a swipe at the US president's reported off-the-cuff remarks early this year when discussing immigration policy with lawmakers. "And when Trump mentions Africa, he calls them 'shithole countries'."

    Full text of Chinese President Xi's signed article on Rwandan media

    Xinhua | Updated: 2018-07-21 16:24
    Local Dance Group Performing Traditional Dances in Virunga Area, Rwanda, March 31, 2008. [Photo/VCG]

    BEIJING - Chinese President Xi Jinping on Saturday published a signed article titled "China and Rwanda: A Friendship Higher than Mountains" on mainstream Rwandan newspaper The New Times ahead of his state visit to the African country.

    The following is the full text of the article:

    China and Rwanda: A Friendship Higher than Mountains Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China

    At the invitation of President Paul Kagame, I will pay a state visit to Rwanda from 22 to 23 July. It will be not only my first visit to Rwanda but also the very first visit to Rwanda by any Chinese President. I am full of expectation for this visit.

    Known as the "land of a thousand hills", Rwanda is blessed with picturesque sceneries, a spring-like weather all year round, and rich endowment of natural resources. Thanks to the unremitting efforts of the brave and hard-working Rwandan people, this country has remained a vibrant land on the African continent.

    In recent years, under the leadership of President Kagame, the government and people of Rwanda have made pioneering efforts to blaze a development path that suits its national conditions. Enjoying good governance and social harmony, Rwanda is making progress on every front of development. With sustained stability and robust economic growth, Rwanda has seen a continued rise in its regional and global influence, and has set an example for countries who face the similar tasks of national development and rejuvenation in Africa and beyond. I am heartened to see these accomplishments and sincerely wish Rwanda still greater success on its way forward.

    As a Chinese poem reads, "Good friends feel close to each other even when they are thousands of miles away." Despite the vast geographic distance and differences in size, system and culture between China and Rwanda, our peoples enjoy a deep traditional friendship. Both our two countries endured great sufferings in history. That is why we cherish the national stability, ethnic unity and economic development we now enjoy, and take pride in what we have accomplished along the way.

    China and Rwanda established diplomatic relations in 1971. Over the past 47 years, our two countries have treated each other as equals with sincerity and friendship. Based on mutual trust and assistance, our friendship has stood the test of the changing international landscape and taken root in our people's hearts. In recent years, thanks to the concerted efforts of both sides, our bilateral ties have achieved fast expansion and demonstrated fresh vitality with fruitful cooperation in all areas. China has become Rwanda's biggest trading partner and project contractor. We are glad to see that the Amahoro National Stadium built by China has hosted many spectacular sports games and become a popular recreation and entertainment venue for the Rwandan people. The Musanze Integrated Polytechnic Regional Colleague has grown into the biggest professional training center in the Northern Province. The project of drilling 200 wells, soon to be delivered, will help ease water shortages for over 110,000 people. The garment factory that a Chinese entrepreneur has set up in response to President Kagame's "Made in Rwanda" development initiative is playing a positive role in growing Rwanda's manufacturing sector. Another Chinese company has made itself a household name in Rwanda as it undertakes 70% of Rwanda's national highway construction.

    People-to-people friendship holds the key to good state-to-state relations. The rich and diverse people-to-people exchanges between our two sides have led to a growing interest in China and Chinese culture among the Rwandan people. Each year, several hundred talented young Rwandan students go to study in China on Chinese government scholarships. The number of registered students in the Confucius Institute at the University of Rwanda is approaching 5,000. The Rwanda Kung Fu/Wushu Federation has over 2,000 participants. At the Masaka Hospital and the Kibungo Hospital, two hospitals built by China, caring and highly-skilled members of the Chinese medical teams are providing much needed services to more than 600,000 local people. Digital TV services will soon be brought to 300 villages in Rwanda under an ongoing project of providing access to satellite TV to a total of 10,000 Rwandan villages, enriching the cultural life of over 150,000 rural residents.

    With Rwanda actively implementing its Vision 2020 Umurenge Program and China working toward its centenary goals, historic opportunities beckon for our cooperation. During his visit to China in March 2017, President Kagame and I reached important consensus on deepening cooperation in various fields under the new circumstances and made overall plans for the future growth of relations between our two countries. I hope my upcoming visit will inject new impetus to our traditional friendship and all-round cooperation, take bilateral relations to a new level, and produce fruitful results to the benefit of our peoples.

    -- We need to uphold mutual respect and deepen political mutual trust. We should view and grow our relations with a strategic and long-term perspective. By way of enhancing exchanges and cooperation at all levels and sharing development experience, we will be able to cement the political foundation for the sound, steady and sustained growth of our relations. China firmly supports Rwanda in following the development path it has independently chosen.

    -- We need to connect our development strategies and expand cooperation in all areas. By leveraging our complementarities and broadening the scope and channels of cooperation, we will be able to advance practical cooperation in infrastructure, mining, trade and investment, translating our friendship into concrete outcomes and delivering more benefits to our peoples.

    -- We need to promote mutual learning between civilizations and further enhance people-to-people exchanges. Deeper exchanges and cooperation in education, culture, health, tourism, aviation and human resources training will help cement the social foundation for bilateral relations and gain increasing public support for our friendship.

    -- We need to strengthen collaboration in international affairs through closer communication and coordination. China commends and supports the efforts of Rwanda, the rotating chair of the African Union (AU), to play a bigger role in preserving Africa's unity and promoting its development. Our two countries will continue to firmly uphold the common interests of developing countries through close communication and coordination in regional and international affairs.

    The friendship between our two countries is an epitome of the friendship between China and Africa. For decades, China and Africa have treated each other with sincerity and friendship. We are a community with a shared future and common interests, featuring solidarity and win-win cooperation. Going forward, China will continue to deepen communication, mutual trust and cooperation with Rwanda and with other friendly African countries, based on the principles of sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith and the approach of upholding justice and pursuing shared interests. In just over a month's time, China will host a summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in Beijing. I will welcome President Kagame to the summit in his capacity as President of Rwanda and as the rotating AU chair. I look forward to meeting with him and other leaders of FOCAC members to draw up a blueprint for furthering China-Africa friendship and cooperation and promoting our future development.

    The decades-old Umuganda culture in Rwanda encourages joint efforts and mutual help for common goals. A Chinese saying contains a similar message, "People with one mind and heart have the power to move a mountain." In a world of increasing inter-connection and inter-dependence, countries are faced with many common challenges. It is important for China and Rwanda to join hands for mutual benefit and common development and for a community with a shared future between our two countries and between China and Africa as a whole. I am convinced that with the joint efforts of our two governments and peoples, China-Rwanda relations will embrace an even brighter future.

    卢旺达借习近平访问试图融入“一带一路”
    2018年7月21日 09:04
    叶林
     
    华盛顿 — 正在中东和非洲进行访问的中国国家习近平将在星期日(7月22日)抵达卢旺达。这是中国国家主席首次访问这个东非国家。

    中国外交部此前表示,习近平将同卢旺达总统卡加梅举行会谈,并共同见证签署多个合作协议。

    卢旺达外交、地区合作和东共体事务部国务部长奥利维耶·恩杜洪吉雷海(Olivier Nduhungirehe)在接受美国之音中部非洲组采访时说,这是一次历史性的访问,卢旺达很高兴习近平前来访问,这将拉近中卢经济合作与双边关系。

    恩杜洪吉雷海说:“这次访问期间,中国和卢旺达将签署约15个协议和项目,其中包括对外交护照持有者互免签证的协议……为了加强两国合作、为提高投资打开大门,这将是一个重要时刻。”

    分析认为,卢旺达希望搭上中国“一带一路”倡议的顺风车,特别是要融入东非铁路网络。

    美国约翰·霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院中国—非洲研究项目学者珍妮特·严(Janet Eom)介绍说,卢旺达希望发展制造业和旅游业,自然欢迎中国的投资。

    “因为卢旺达需要为民众创造更多的就业,所以在过去几年试图发展本地制造业。中国的投资在这一方面发挥了很大作用。“珍妮特·严对美国之音说:”很多这些非洲国家需要交通运输基础设施,卢旺达也不例外,卢旺达地处东非,将自身定位于东非的商业和旅游业枢纽。”

    不过,这位曾经在卢旺达总统府有工作经验的学者也提到,一些“一带一路”的帮扶国家已经意识到了债务压力可能带来的负面影响。她说:“有一个经常被提起的问题是债务问题,因为这些大型基础设施工程和贷款,很多国家开始意识到,偿还债务可能会很困难……我想这在未来会成为越来越重要的讨论内容。”

    珍妮特·严说,从习近平今年首访非洲可以明显看出,中国在继续重视与非洲的经济联系。

    “无论是贷款、融资、贸易还是直接投资,这些都是中国重视的议题……中国与非洲的接触众所周知,在过去15年甚至更长的一段时间内,在基础设施项目的投资越来越多,这是中国在非洲大陆一直具备的优势。”

    她认为,很难说中国是在排挤西方国家。

    约翰·霍普金斯大学的统计数据显示,2000至2016年,中国对非洲国家政府和国有部门的贷款从每年的1.21亿美元飙升至每年300亿美元,在过去15年间的贷款总额总计1244亿美元。2016年,中国与非洲的贸易额达到1280亿美元,远超美国与非洲的480亿美元。

    统计还发现,美国对非洲的投资主要集中在矿业,而中国越来越关注非洲本地制造业,为中国工厂寻求海外经济特区。

    不过,卢旺达外交部国务部长恩杜洪吉雷海表示,非洲并不是在与西方国家越走越远。他说:“我们与中国和其他国家都有合作。我们没有切断与欧洲国家和北美国家的伙伴关系。我们要的是我们的国家和人民在经济、社会等项目中的利益。从东方到西方,我们与不同国家结成伙伴关系,并将继续这么做下去。”


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